Sunday, July 13, 2014
Saturday, July 12, 2014
ERIK ERIKSON’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a well-known psychologist, who
accepted and expanded the Freud’s idea about the psychoanalytic theory and
about his own life experience. Erikson’s
theory mainly talks about the development across the entire lifespan of a
person (Baron, 2001). Erikson’s theory is based on specific stages of
development a person come across in his entire life. There are eight stages in
Erikson's psychosocial development theory and “each stage of development shows
its own unique challenges, which Erikson called as crises” (Fleming, 2004). The
first four stages of development are occurring during the childhood and one
take place in adolescence and other three occur during adulthood. According to
Baron (2001), Erikson believed that each stage of life is marked by a specific
crisis or conflict between competing tendencies. These stages of development
affects the person’s learning and education and these theories can be applied
in a classroom. Erikson’s eight stages development mainly focus on the
development of a person within the social context.
1. Development of trust versus mistrust – (0 to 18 months):
The first developmental stage in Erikson’s theory occurs during
birth to until child is 18 months old (in some articles says it is between
birth to one year old (Cavanaugh & kail, 2010)). During this stage of
development the basic strength of a child is hope. The child has full hope
that, he or she will get anything the whenever they wants. The main interaction
of a child during this stage is with his or her mother and family members.
Through these interactions the child learns both trust and mistrust but should
be in right proportion (Fleming, 2004). According to Passer & Smith (2007),
this phase is depends on how well the needs are met and how much love and
attention are receiving and develop a basic trust and mistrust of the World.
Source: http://soulandspiritmusings.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/image-3-for-musings-from-the-soul.jpg
2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt – (18 months to 3 years):
According to Fleming (2004), toddlers learns lot of basic things
during this stage of life, such as, how to hold a bowl, how to drink and
walking and talking and so on. The basic strength of this period is will. During
this phase of development, the child wants do everything by their own without
the help of parents. Although, the child wants to do, parents interrupt by
helping them as they do not know do the things by their own and sometimes
parents may show anger or shout at them unintentionally. This leads them to be
shame and doubt instead of autonomy. So,
in later they lose their courage to be independent (Passer & Smith, 2007).
Source: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZmbKPlImzdzwwOZA-YrYyNc9L47qjDsHV97IFKDvjxKx0g4oLEzhaEudXInE1Pv2C2JYLYdpmx8eEQ0AiEpPYd0TkgCFVzzUoyievHn0FXcnzgOHpOYdu_zAS7Rbeq64rUUxHHW_e-lg/s1600/preschool.jpg
3. Initiative versus guilt – (3 years to 6 years):
In this phase of development, children’s strength is sense of
purpose and their weakness is inhibition (Fleming, 20014). They acquire new
physical and mental skills. They are very active, mobile and talkative and
learn through imaginative play as they are preschoolers. Children have
curiosity about the World and they need freedom and want to explore in this period
of development. They have lot of questions about the things happening around
them, so they need answers for those questions. If they are given chance to explore and finds
the answers to their questions, they develop sense of initiative, but they develop
sense of guilt about their desires if they are punished or not given answers to
their questions (Passer & Smith, 2007).
4. Industry versus inferiority – ( 6 years to 12 years):
Children at this stage of development, spends their life in school
and they learn most of the things from school and peers. The basic strength of
child at this phase is competence. Child who gets praise and encouragement for
the things they do develop the industry and those who repeats and lack the
praise develops the inferiority (Passer & Smith, 2007). According to Fleming (2004), if the ill child
preparing to go school or the tools he or she needs is lack will be despair.
Source: http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/1a19872c91255af7ae5a1b178e8cef17_1M.png
5. Identity versus role confusion – (12 years to 20 years):
According to Fleming (2004), at this stage of development, they do
not know “who they are?” and search for their identity. Adolescence is the time
great change; they are in between childhood and adulthood. They sometime
confuse whether they are children or adults. In this stage their life can be
very stressful. Erikson states as cites in Fleming (2004), the teens are “a
turning point of increased vulnerability and heightened potential”. In this
stage of development truthfulness is very important. In this phase, children
must have given freedom but should be controlled and observe their activity.
According to Marcia as cited in Passer & Smith (2007), there are “identity
status” for each person; identity diffusion: these teens and adults had not
gone through identity crisis, foreclosure: commit to an identity and set values
before experiencing crisis, moratorium: want to establish a clear identity but
had not yet resolve it and identity achievement: these individuals have gone
through identity crisis and successfully resolved it.
Source: http://wibha.com/images/adl.jpg
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