2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt – (18 months to 3 years):

According to Fleming (2004), toddlers learns lot of basic things during this stage of life, such as, how to hold a bowl, how to drink and walking and talking and so on. The basic strength of this period is will. During this phase of development, the child wants do everything by their own without the help of parents. Although, the child wants to do, parents interrupt by helping them as they do not know do the things by their own and sometimes parents may show anger or shout at them unintentionally. This leads them to be shame and doubt instead of autonomy.  So, in later they lose their courage to be independent (Passer & Smith, 2007). 

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